The capital market meaning refers to financial platforms where buyers and sellers come together to trade stocks, bonds, currencies, and other assets. These markets, including the stock and bond markets, play a crucial role in fueling economic growth. They empower innovators to become entrepreneurs, help small businesses expand into large enterprises, and provide individuals with opportunities to save and invest for a secure financial future.
What is the capital market?
The capital market is broadly classified into the primary market, where new securities are issued, and the secondary market, where existing securities are traded. It plays a vital role in mobilising savings, ensuring liquidity, and fostering economic development. By efficiently allocating capital to businesses and governments, the capital market strengthens financial stability and supports long-term wealth creation.
How does a capital market work?
In a capital market, the primary mechanism through which funds are raised is the issuance of financial instruments by the entities seeking capital. This issuance typically occurs in the primary market, where securities like stocks and bonds are introduced to the public for the first time. An Initial Public Offering (IPO) is a common method, allowing companies to go public and raise capital by selling shares to investors. Alternatively, debt instruments like bonds represent a way for entities to borrow money from investors with the promise of periodic interest payments and the return of principal at maturity.
Once these financial instruments are issued, they enter the secondary market. Here, investors trade them among themselves without involvement from the issuing entity. The secondary market is where the familiar image of stock exchanges comes into play, as investors buy and sell securities on platforms like the National Stock Exchange or the Bombay Stock Exchange.
The prices of these securities are determined by the interplay of supply and demand. If more investors want to buy a particular security (demand) than sell it (supply), its price tends to rise. Conversely, if more investors want to sell than buy, the price tends to fall. This dynamic pricing mechanism reflects not only investor sentiment but also the perceived value and performance of the underlying assets or entities.
Intermediaries such as brokers, investment banks, and other financial institutions facilitate the smooth functioning of capital markets. They connect buyers and sellers, provide research and analysis, and assist in the issuance and trading of securities. Regulatory bodies like the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) oversee and enforce rules to maintain fair, transparent, and orderly markets.