Social Determinants of Health (SDOH): Definition, Importance & Examples

In the modern world, health is more than just biology. The conditions we live, learn, work, and play in shape our wellbeing. These "social determinants of health" play a massive role in defining our overall health. Whether it's economic status, education, or access to healthcare, understanding these factors can help improve both individual and community health outcomes.

When it comes to health, most people think of doctors, hospitals, and medicine. But did you know that 80-90% of what influences health happens outside of the healthcare system? These elements are called social determinants of health (SDOH), and they are the conditions in which people live and work that shape their wellbeing. These factors include where you live, your access to clean water, education, employment, and even social support. In India, where diverse populations face varied challenges, social determinants of health have a profound impact on quality of life. For instance, individuals in urban settings may face pollution issues, while rural populations might struggle with access to education and healthcare.
In this article, we'll dive into the meaning of SDOH, their importance, and how they impact your health.

What are Social Determinants of Health?

Social determinants of health refer to the non-medical factors that affect health outcomes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), these are the "conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age." These factors include economic stability, education access, healthcare services, neighbourhood safety, and more. They can lead to unequal access to resources, which ultimately creates health disparities. When these social factors impacting health are improved, health equity is promoted.

What are some examples of social determinants of health?

To better understand the impact of social determinants of health, here are some key examples:

• Economic stability – Income, employment, and financial support impact one’s ability to afford medical care and a healthy lifestyle.
• Education access and quality – Quality education influences health by providing knowledge about healthcare choices.
• Healthcare access and quality – Easy access to medical services can ensure regular check-ups and early diagnosis.
• Neighbourhood and built environment – Safe and clean living conditions support physical and mental health.
• Social and community context – A supportive community and social networks promote emotional wellbeing.

Economic Stability

Economic stability plays a critical role in health outcomes. Income affects one’s ability to access nutritious food, safe housing, and healthcare. Here are a few factors linked to economic stability:

• Income level: Higher income generally means better access to healthcare and healthier living conditions.
• Employment opportunities: Regular employment can provide health benefits and insurance.
• Housing stability: Secure housing reduces stress and exposure to environmental risks.
• Debt and financial stress: Financial strain can lead to chronic stress, contributing to various health problems.

Education Access and Quality

Education greatly influences health literacy and decision-making. Individuals with better education are more likely to make informed health choices. Key points include:

• Access to quality schools: Good schools equip individuals with the knowledge needed to navigate health systems.
• Higher education opportunities: People with higher education are more likely to afford healthcare.
• Health education programs: Schools offering health education empower students with knowledge about nutrition, exercise, and mental health.

Healthcare Access and Quality

Access to healthcare is essential for preventing and treating illnesses. Barriers to healthcare often lead to late diagnoses and untreated conditions. Consider these factors:

• Availability of services: Having clinics, hospitals, and pharmacies nearby is critical for timely care.
• Affordability: Can you afford consultations, medications, or treatments?
• Health insurance: Health coverage ensures access to care without financial hardship.

Neighbourhood and Built Environment

Where you live affects your health in multiple ways, from the air you breathe to the safety of your streets. Key components are:

• Housing quality: Is your living space free from pollutants, mould, and allergens?
• Safety and violence: Crime and unsafe neighbourhoods can lead to chronic stress and mental health issues.
• Access to parks and exercise spaces: Neighbourhoods with open spaces promote physical activity.

Social and Community Context

A sense of belonging and strong social ties contribute to mental health. Here’s how:

• Support networks: Family, friends, and community groups offer emotional support.
• Involvement in the community: Being engaged with community activities can boost mental and emotional wellbeing.
• Social cohesion: Feeling connected reduces loneliness and isolation.

Why are Social Determinants of Health Significant?

The social determinants of health are significant because they impact overall wellbeing and can either promote health or lead to disparities. Improving these determinants can lead to:

• Better quality of life: People with stable income, good education, and access to healthcare tend to live longer, healthier lives.
• Health equity: Addressing disparities ensures that everyone has an equal opportunity to live a healthy life.
• Preventive healthcare: Improving social factors can reduce the need for expensive treatments by promoting early interventions.

What is an SDOH Screening Tool and How Do They Work?

An SDOH screening tool is used by healthcare providers to identify the social factors impacting an individual's health. These tools ask questions related to housing, income, education, and social support. The information collected helps doctors create more personalised care plans and refer patients to support services.

Conclusion

The role of social determinants of health in shaping an individual's wellbeing cannot be overstated. From economic stability to community support, these factors influence every aspect of health. Addressing them is vital for health equity and improving quality of life. For doctors, providing care in India can be challenging without the necessary resources. If you’re a healthcare professional looking to expand or enhance your practice, Bajaj Finserv doctor loan offers customised financial solutions to meet your needs.