Air Pollution Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Read on to know about the different diseases caused due to air pollution, and their impact, symptoms, treatment, and health insurance options.
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3 min
16-January-2025

Air pollution is a significant environmental challenge and poses a serious risk to human health, affecting individuals across all age groups and demographics globally. While it is commonly linked to respiratory conditions, its effects are far-reaching and impact multiple organ systems. The prevalence of diseases associated with air pollution has steadily risen over time, driven by urbanisation, industrial expansion, and population growth. Consequently, it is vital to explore the illnesses caused by air pollution, recognise their symptoms, and understand strategies for their prevention and treatment. Exposure to air pollution can contribute to a wide array of health conditions, including stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancers of the trachea, bronchus, and lungs, aggravated asthma, and lower respiratory infections.

In this article, we will explore in detail what are the diseases caused due to air pollution, its symptoms, causes, and more. Also, know the benefits of a health insurance policy to manage financial expenses that may arise due to air pollution diseases.

What are air pollution diseases?

Air pollution diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions resulting from the contamination of the air we breathe. These diseases are primarily caused by the inhalation of pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide. Over time, exposure to these pollutants can lead to both acute and chronic health problems.

Causes of air pollution

The primary sources of air pollution are fossil fuels, industrial emissions, and vehicular traffic. Exposure to these pollutants can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and other illnesses. Air pollution can also cause skin problems and eye irritation. Discussed below are the main causes of air pollution. Given below are some of the main causes of air pollution:

  • Vehicle emissions: Combustion of fossil fuels releases pollutants like nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.
  • Industrial activities: Factories emit pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and volatile organic compounds.
  • Agricultural practices: Pesticides and fertilizers release harmful chemicals into the air.
  • Biomass burning: Burning of wood and agricultural waste produces smoke and pollutants.
  • Construction: Dust and particulate matter are released during construction activities.
  • Natural causes: Wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and dust storms contribute to air pollution.
  • Power plants: Burning coal and other fuels release pollutants like mercury and carbon dioxide.

    • Waste disposal: Landfills and waste incineration produce methane and other harmful gases.

What are major air pollutants that cause diseases in humans?

Air pollutants are harmful substances present in the air that adversely impact human health. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can lead to severe health issues, ranging from respiratory problems to chronic diseases. Below are the key air pollutants contributing to diseases in humans:

  • Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10): Fine particles that penetrate deep into the lungs, causing respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
  • Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Released from vehicles and industries, leading to lung irritation and asthma.
  • Sulphur Dioxide (SO2): Emitted by burning fossil fuels, it can trigger bronchial conditions.
  • Carbon Monoxide (CO): A toxic gas affecting oxygen transport in the body, causing dizziness and heart stress.
  • Ozone (O3): Ground-level ozone exacerbates asthma and reduces lung function.

Diseases caused by air pollution

Air pollution can cause several diseases, some of which are life-threatening. Some of the most common diseases caused by air pollution include:

1. Asthma:

Air pollution triggers asthma attacks, a condition that affects the lungs and airways, leading to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):

COPD refers to a group of progressive lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that make breathing increasingly difficult. Long-term exposure to air pollution, particularly from smoking, industrial emissions, and vehicle exhaust, is a significant risk factor for developing COPD. Pollutants irritate the lungs, causing inflammation and long-term damage to the respiratory system.

3. Lung cancer:

Long-term exposure to air pollutants, such as fine particulate matter and carcinogens like benzene, significantly increases the risk of lung cancer. Prolonged inhalation of polluted air can lead to mutations in lung cells, contributing to the development of cancer. This risk is particularly high for individuals in urban or industrial areas with poor air quality.

4. Heart disease:

Air pollution can severely affect cardiovascular health. Prolonged exposure to pollutants such as PM2.5, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides can lead to cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks, strokes, arrhythmias, and heart failure. These pollutants enter the bloodstream, causing inflammation, arterial damage, and oxidative stress, which can lead to chronic heart conditions.

5. Neurological disorders:

Emerging evidence links air pollution to neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other cognitive impairments. Pollutants can cross the blood-brain barrier, causing inflammation and neurodegeneration, which may lead to memory loss, reduced cognitive function, and other neurological complications.

6. Birth defects:

Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy has been linked to birth defects and complications such as low birth weight, preterm delivery, and developmental delays in the fetal brain and respiratory system. Pollutants like fine particulate matter and toxic gases can harm both the mother and the developing baby.

7. Respiratory infections

Children and adults exposed to polluted air are at a higher risk of developing respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis. Pollutants weaken the immune system and damage the respiratory tract, making it easier for pathogens to invade and cause infections.

8. Eye irritation:

Air pollution can irritate the eyes, causing redness, itching, watering, and inflammation. Exposure to pollutants like ozone, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides can also lead to conjunctivitis and discomfort in individuals with sensitive eyes or existing eye conditions.

9. Skin problems:

Polluted air contains harmful substances that can affect the skin, leading to conditions like rashes, eczema, and acne. Particulate matter and toxic chemicals damage the skin barrier, causing dryness, irritation, and premature ageing. People living in urban areas are particularly prone to these issues.

10. Allergies:

Air pollution can exacerbate or trigger allergies such as hay fever, hives, and eczema. Pollutants like pollen combined with particulate matter and ozone increase allergic reactions, leading to sneezing, runny nose, itchy skin, and other symptoms, particularly during allergy seasons.

Read more about critical illness health insurance

Symptoms of air pollution diseases

The symptoms of air pollution diseases vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, fatigue, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and eye irritation. Individuals with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions may experience exacerbated symptoms upon exposure to air pollutants.

Precautions and prevention of air pollution diseases

While complete elimination of air pollution may be challenging, several measures can be taken to mitigate its health impacts:

  • Reduce reliance on fossil fuels by promoting renewable energy sources and adopting cleaner technologies.
  • Improve public transportation and encourage the use of electric vehicles to reduce vehicular emissions.
  • Implement stricter regulations on industrial emissions and enforce pollution control measures.
  • Plant trees and create green spaces to absorb pollutants and improve air quality.
  • Use indoor air purifiers and wear masks when outdoor air quality is poor.
  • Advocate for policies that prioritize environmental conservation and public health.

Treatment of air pollution diseases

Treating air pollution diseases involves a comprehensive approach, including medication, lifestyle changes, and environmental interventions. Depending on the type and severity of the disease, treatments may include:

  • Medications, such as beta-agonists, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and open up airways.
  • Oxygen therapy to help with breathing difficulties and increase oxygen levels in the blood.
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation programs to help improve lung function, endurance, and overall physical health.
  • Surgery, in some severe cases, to remove damaged lung tissue or tumors.

Buying a health insurance plan will also cover the medical expenses that may arise due to pre- and post-hospitalisation expenses.

The impact of air pollution on children's health

Children are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollution due to their developing organs and immune systems. Prolonged exposure to polluted air can result in a range of health issues, including impaired lung growth, asthma, and frequent respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Additionally, air pollution has been linked to cognitive impairments, reduced academic performance, and an increased risk of chronic illnesses later in life. The adverse effects of air pollution on children’s health emphasise the need for stringent measures to improve air quality and safeguard future generations.

Health concerns due to air pollution

The health concerns stemming from air pollution are far-reaching and affect individuals of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution. Moreover, prolonged exposure to poor air quality can result in significant healthcare costs, decreased productivity, and a diminished quality of life for affected individuals.

Significance of health insurance for diseases caused due to air pollution

Health insurance plays a crucial role in mitigating the financial burden of diseases caused by air pollution. Here's why:

  • Medical expenses coverage: Health insurance provides coverage for medical expenses incurred due to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and other health conditions triggered by air pollution. This includes hospitalisation costs, diagnostic tests, medication, and even post-treatment care, helping individuals manage the financial impact of these diseases effectively.
  • Access to healthcare: It ensures access to timely medical care and treatments, enabling individuals to address health issues promptly, reducing the severity of conditions, and preventing long-term complications. Health insurance also facilitates access to specialists and advanced treatments that may otherwise be unaffordable for many.
  • Preventive care: Many health insurance plans offer preventive care services such as regular check-ups and screenings, helping individuals detect health problems early and take preventive measures against air pollution-related diseases. These services may also include health education and vaccination programmes, further supporting proactive healthcare.
  • Financial protection: Health insurance safeguards individuals and families from the financial devastation of high medical costs associated with chronic respiratory ailments and other health complications arising from air pollution exposure. It offers peace of mind by ensuring that medical emergencies do not lead to financial strain or compromise access to necessary treatments.

Check out: 10 benefits of health insurance

If you are willing to buy a health insurance plan, providing comprehensive coverage to cover medical expenses due to chronic illnesses, then you can choose from a list of plans available at the Bajaj Finance Insurance Mall. These plans are available online at affordable premiums. You can compare these plans, and choose the one that best suits your needs. You can also look for add-on covers that may provide coverage for diseases that may be caused due to air pollution.

Air pollution diseases pose a significant threat to public health, with far-reaching consequences for individuals, communities, and ecosystems. Addressing this global challenge requires collective action, encompassing policy interventions, technological innovations, and individual behavioral changes. Additionally, investing in robust health insurance coverage is essential to ensuring access to quality healthcare services and mitigating the financial burden associated with air pollution-related diseases.

Frequently asked questions

What are the most common diseases caused by air pollution?

The most common diseases caused by air pollution include respiratory ailments like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disorders such as heart attacks and strokes, lung cancer, and neurological conditions

How does air pollution contribute to respiratory illnesses?

Air pollution irritates the respiratory tract, leading to inflammation and damage to lung tissue. Fine particulate matter and pollutants like nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide exacerbate conditions like asthma and COPD, increasing the risk of respiratory infections and impairing lung function.

Are there specific cardiovascular diseases linked to exposure to air pollution?

Yes, exposure to air pollution is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks, strokes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Pollutants like fine particulate matter can enter the bloodstream, triggering inflammation and oxidative stress, contributing to cardiovascular damage.

How does air pollution contribute to stroke?

Air pollution increases the risk of stroke by causing inflammation and oxidative stress, which can damage blood vessels and lead to the formation of blood clots. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and toxic gases can enter the bloodstream, raising blood pressure and triggering cardiovascular events. Prolonged exposure significantly heightens the risk of stroke and related complications.

Can air pollution cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Yes, air pollution is a significant contributor to COPD. Pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulphur dioxide irritate the lungs, leading to chronic inflammation and damage to lung tissues. Prolonged exposure can worsen respiratory symptoms and increase the risk of developing COPD, particularly in individuals with pre-existing conditions or those who smoke.

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